Open questions

• How did they get here? (seed mechanism)
• Can we find unevolved seeds?
• In merger-free dwarf galaxies? Difficult!
• Sphere of influence 105Mo at 10 Mpc ~ 0.01’’ (<HST)
• Hα widths ~ SN
• Low X-ray emission give selection biases
• How do they evolve? (accretion, mergers)
• Co-evolution with galaxies? (feedback)

Here: How many SMBH are minimally required by observations?